Physics 150 – Nuclear Weapons – Physics and Policy – Winter 2025

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_periodic_tableNuclear Weapons

Professor: Philip Lubin

Office 2015C Broida

Email: lubin@ucsb.edu

Classes: MW 2-3:15  Arts 1349

Final: Monday March 17  4-7PM

https://registrar.sa.ucsb.edu/calendars/calendars-deadlines/final-examinations/winter-final-examination-schedule

 

Synopsis:

Physics, Policy, Proliferation, Planetary Defense

The development of nuclear weapons were started in the early 1940’s triggered by the discovery of the energetic release of energy by the bombardment of Uranium in  December 1938 by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassmann in Germany at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (Berlin). This was on the eve of the beginning of World War II. Given the extremely large exothermic reaction compared to chemistry (~ 10⁶ times larger energy release per unit mass than chemical reactions).  WW II started 9 months later on Sept 1, 1939 with the Nazi invasion of Poland. This triggered the race for the development of the military use of fission in both Germany and the United States and its allies (notably England). Though triggered by the onset of WW II, the development of a nuclear weapons was inevitable. Subsequent development of thermonuclear weapons using fission as a trigger for fusion further increased the weapon yields by a factor of ~10³ starting in late 1952. An arms race between the US and USSR rapidly ensued. Combined with the development of long range rockets that were also developed in WW II, this has placed the world in an unprecedented state of potential mass annihilation of life on Earth.

In this class we will explore a number of topics related to the development of nuclear weapons including the basic physics and design, effects of their use on life, delivery methods, defense approaches, the political, ethical and societal implications, the dangers of nuclear war and its consequences, attempts to limit their production and deployment though treaties, proliferation of multiple nations having nuclear weapons and possible peaceful uses such as in protecting the Earth from asteroid and comet impacts.

While we would all prefer to live in a world of peace and tranquility, we do not currently have such a world. It is critical to avoid the use of nuclear weapons given their potential for mass destruction. We will also explore possible peaceful uses of nuclear explosives in areas that may protect us such as protecting the planet against threats from asteroids and comets. While the use of nuclear weapons in large scale warfare could extinguish much of human life, their use against another form of mass extinction from asteroids and comets could turn a threat to humanity into a protection for humanity.

Like it or not the world is filled with weapons of vastly increased destructive potential than could have been imagined even 80 years ago. For example, the total amount of Allied bombs dropped during all of WW II was about 3 MT (megatons TNT equivalent) or the equivalent of one medium sized thermonuclear device. To put this in perspective, at the height of the Cold War, the world’s nuclear arsenal was about 10,000 times larger than the total used in WW-II and most of it could be deployed in a matter of hours or less. These weapons dominate much of the geopolitical landscape of the world. In this seminar we will discuss and explore the scientific issues behind these weapons and the role of policy (or lack thereof) in preventing them from being used in anger. Being ignorant of these devices, how they work and how we make policies in light of their existence is not in the best interests of a peaceful world. At the moment they both threaten stability and enable an unstable stability. In the long term these same devices and the science behind them may enable us to explore other stars, protect ourselves from threats such as Earth crossing asteroids or pursue inertial confinement fusion but at the moment they are a threat worth understanding. Ignorance may be bliss but the consequences are too great to ignore.

 

If we fight a war and win it with H-bombs, what history will remember is not
the ideals we were fighting for but the methods we used to accomplish them.
These methods will be compared to the warfare of Genghis Khan who ruthlessly
killed every last inhabitant of Persia.  Hans A. Bethe

…And these atomic bombs which science burst upon the world that night were strange even to the men who used them.  H. G. Wells, The World Set Free, 1914

 

A good introduction to nuclear weapons and political implication- “cold war” if you have Netflix:

Turning Point – The Bomb and the Cold War

 

The Garwin Archives – Richard Garwin – Ivy Mike (first Thermonuclear detonation – Nov 1, 1952)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Mike

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Garwin

Garwin – Nuclear Weapons in the 21st Century: Prospects and Policy

Excellent 1999 review of nuclear weapons and strategy:

https://rlg.fas.org/102599nw21.htm

Garwin archives – list of papers publicly accessible:

https://rlg.fas.org/90.htm

https://spectrum.ieee.org/richard-garwin

Richard Garwin

Short Overview of Weapons of Mass Destruction – Nuclear – Chemical – Biological

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction

Concise Overview of the Worldwide Development of Nuclear Weapons including Policy and Proliferation

https://www.britannica.com/technology/nuclear-weapon/Racing-to-build-the-bombs

 

LBNL Particle Data Group – review of fundamental Physics – digital (web and app) as well as print format

https://pdg.lbl.gov/index.html

Atomic and Nuclear Properties (under Shortcuts):

https://pdg.lbl.gov/2024/AtomicNuclearProperties/index.htmlhttps://pdglive.lbl.gov/Viewer.action#

See links to isotopes and X ray attenuation for each element

For example – NIST X ray attenuation by element vs energy:

https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/XrayMassCoef/tab3.html

 

Energy relations of HE (high explosives) and Food metabolism 

Energy in 1 kg of HE (TNT – trinitrotoluene) is 1 million calories = 4.184 MJ

One metric ton (1000kg) of HE (TNT) is defined as having an energy yield of 1 billion calories = 4.184 GJ

1KT (kilo Ton TNT equivalent) = 4.184 TJ

1MT (mega Ton) = 4.184 PJ

Energy in 1 kg of chocolate is 5458 Calories =22.84 MJ  (one food Cal = 1000 calories – Big C vs little c) or 5.5 x energy density of TNT!

Chocolate has more metabolic energy than TNT per unit mass!

For a fun fact, a large Costco chocolate muffin (167 g) has about 680 Calories (“Big C”) or an energy density of ~ 4.1 KC/Kg=17.2 MJ/kg or 4.1 x energy density of TNT!

Think of that the next time you eat a chocolate muffin.

1T = 1470 Costco chocolate muffins!

1KT ~ 1.5 million choc muffins

1MT ~ 1.5 billion choc muffins

In general all chemical (including metabolic) reactions have a similar energy density whether you are using gas in your car, burning charcoal at a BBQ or eating a chocolate muffin.

The reason is that you are breaking electron bonds in chemical reactions which are typically ~ 1 eV per bond.

By comparison in nuclear reactions (whether fission of fusion) the “nuclear bond breaking” is ~ 1 MeV per bond.

As a general rule of thumb, exothermic nuclear reactions (whether in a reactor or a weapon) are about one million times larger per unit of reactant mass (or per nuclei)

The details of the actual system relative to the “inert mass” become important.

Some relevant energy related reading:

Energy in general

Energy Density of materials – chemical to nuclear

Noether’s Theorem on local symmetries and conservation laws including energy

 

Energy production of Nuclear Reactor vs Nuclear Weapon

Typical civilian nuclear reactor has a power output of about 1 GWe

In one year a single nuclear reactor produces 3.15x10E16 J or the equivalent of about 7.5 MT of energy.

Thus the electrical energy produced by a single nuclear reactor in one year is equivalent to the energy of a 7.5 MT nuclear weapon or about 30 modern ICBM warheads (0.25 MT/MIRV warhead)

As another example, the US has a peak electrical power production of about 1 TWe. In one year this yields 3.15x10E19 J, the equivalent of a 7.5 GT nuclear weapon (no such device exists) or 30,000 modern ICBM warheads.

The total worldwide nuclear stockpile is roughly 6 GT or the equivalent energy of ~one year of US electrical energy production.

As another example, the world has a peak electrical power production of about 10 TWe. In one year this yields 3.15x10E20 J, the equivalent of a 75 GT nuclear weapon (no such device exists) or 300,000 modern ICBM warheads.

The total worldwide electrical energy production in one year is roughly 10x the energy of the total world nuclear weapons stockpile.

 

Fissile Uranium 235 Properties 

• The fission of a single Uranium-235 (z=92) (235U ) nucleus generates a mean energy 202.79 MeV ~ 3.2487E-11J
• Average number of neutrons per fission = 2.5 which means the fission reaction is self sustaining in theory (and in practice)
• One neutron is used per fission and 2.5 released so 1.5 neutrons remain per fission
• # of neutrons per KT = EKT /Fission mean energy = 4.184E12 J/KT/3.249E-11 J/fission = 1.9E23 n/KT (assumes 1.5 neutrons left over released per fission)

–later generations of fission will release more neutrons as they are not used to fission additional nuclei

–Hence number of neutrons emitted can be as much as 2.5 n/fission released or 3.3E23 n/KT

• Density of Uranium 19.1 g/cc
• Mole of 235U = 235.0439 g~12.3cc
• 1 kg 235U = 4.25452 moles ~ 52.3 cc
• The complete fission of one mole of 235U = 1.9564E13J~ 5.434 GWh
• The complete fission of 1 kg of 235U = 8.3235E13J~ 23.119 GWh
• 1 KT = 4.184E12 J assuming complete fission of 1 kg of 235U = 8.3235E13J

–1KT = 8.3235E13(J/kg) / 4.184E12  (J/KT) = 19.89 KT/kg

–50.3 g/KT assuming complete fission

• A typical US home uses about 25 kWh per day or 2534 years of one home per kg of complete fission of 235U

Isotopes of Uranium with decay modes including meta-stable states (marked with “m”) – Note presence of metastable isotope of U-235

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_uranium

 

Fissile Plutonium 239 Properties

• The fission of a single Plutonium (z=94)-235 (235U ) nucleus generates a mean energy 207.1 MeV ~ 3.318E-11J
• Average number of neutrons per fission = 2.9 which means the fission reaction is self sustaining in theory (and in practice)
• One neutron is used per fission and 2.9 released so 1.9 neutrons remain/fission
• # of neutrons per KT = EKT /Fission mean energy = 4.184E12 J/KT/3.318E-11 J/fission = 2.5E23 (assumes 1.9 neutrons left over released per fission)

–later generation of fission will release more neutrons as they are not used to fission additional nuclei

–Hence number of neutrons emitted can be as much as 2.9 n/fission released or 3.8E23 n/KT

• Density of Uranium 19.8 g/cc
• Mole of 239Pu = 239.05216 g~12.1cc
• 1 kg 239Pu = 4.1832 moles ~ 50.62 cc
• The complete fission of one mole of 239Pu = 1.99980E13J~ 5.549 GWh
• The complete fission of 1 kg of 239Pu = 8.3580E13J~ 23.217 GWh
• 1 KT = 4.184×1012 J assuming complete fission of 1 kg of 239Pu = 8.3580E13J

–1KT = 8.3580E13 (J/kg) / 4.184E12  (J/KT) = 19.98 KT/kg

–50.1 g/KT assuming complete fission

• A typical US home uses about 25 kWh per day or 2544 years of one home per kg of complete fission of 239Pu

Isotopes of Plutonium with decay modes including meta-stable states (marked with “m”)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_plutonium

Making a nuclear weapon from reactor grades of  Plutonium including Pu-240 contamination with high spontaneous Fission rate

Reactor Grade Plutonium and Nuclear Weapons – Jones 2018

Tech Appendix – Reactor Grade Plutonium and Nuclear Weapons – Ending the Debate Jones 2019

 

US Land Based ICBM – Minuteman III – to be phased out and replaced by Sentinel ICBM over next decade

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGM-30_Minuteman

US and other Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine-launched_ballistic_missile

Current US SLBM UGM-133  Trident II 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGM-133_Trident_II

 

Peaceful uses of Nuclear Weapons

Planetary Defense

PI-Multimodal Planetary Defense

Plowshares Program (1960’s) – US and Soviet Union

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Plowshare

https://st.llnl.gov/news/look-back/plowshare-program

https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/non-power-nuclear-applications/industry/peaceful-nuclear-explosions

Reading List:

Short Overview of Nuclear Weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon

The Making of the atomic Bomb

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Making_of_the_Atomic_Bomb

http://www.amazon.com/gp/aw/d/1451677618

Dark Sun

https://www.amazon.com/Dark-Sun-Making-Hydrogen-Bomb/dp/0684824140

Interviews with Robert Christy (worked on Pu implosion and other topics during the Manhattan Project) on various topics related to nuclear weapons

 “Robert Christy – Pu Implosion – Constructing the Trinity Test and the Nagasaki atomic bomb”

Early Phase of Spherically Symmetric Nuclear Explosions

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303821700_Point_kinetic_model_of_the_early_phase_of_a_spherically_symmetric_nuclear_explosion

Physics of Nuclear Explosions and the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty

https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/10193318

Physics of Nuclear Explosions – CTBT – UCRL-1D-117293

Physics of Nuclear Explosions – Barroso 2021

https://www.amazon.com/PHYSICS-NUCLEAR-EXPLOSIVES-DALTON-BARROSO/dp/B08VRN2ZM5

A Technical History of America’s Nuclear Weapons v. 1 & 2″ by Dr. Peter A. Goetz

https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Technical_History_of_America_s_Nuclear/jSLZzQEACAAJ?hl=en

https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Technical_History_of_America_s_Nuclear/Ji_azQEACAAJ

The Physics of the Manhattan Project – Bruce Reed

https://www.amazon.com/Physics-Manhattan-Project-Bruce-Cameron/dp/3030613755

Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos during the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945 (Hoddeson et al)

https://www.amazon.com/Critical-Assembly-Technical-History-Oppenheimer/dp/0521541174

Minuteman: A Technical History of the Missile That Defined American Nuclear Warfare (2021)

https://www.amazon.com/Minuteman-Technical-History-Missile-American/dp/1682261549

Nuclear Explosions in Deep Space

https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/nuclear-explosions-in-deep-space.972433/

The Containment of Soviet Underground Nuclear Explosions

https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0312/report.pdf

The Containment of Soviet Underground Nuclear Explosions – Adushkin – 2001

Nuclear War: A Scenario – NY Times Bestseller 2024

https://www.amazon.com/Nuclear-War-Scenario-Annie-Jacobsen/dp/0593476093

The Manhattan Project

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project

http://books.google.com/books?id=AqbE63yS5HkC&source=gbs_similarbooks

The Los Alamos Primer

The Los Alamos primer: the first lectures on how to build an atomic bomb – Serber, Robert edited with an introduction by Richard Rhodes. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. ISBN 0-520-07576-5

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alamos_Primer

Los_Alamos_Primer – Original in PDF

Revisiting the Los Alamos Primer – Reed 2017

https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article/70/9/42/908142/Revisiting-The-Los-Alamos-PrimerA-concise-packet

https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvw1d5pf

Nuclear Binding Energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_binding_energy

Nuclear Mass Defect

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13361-017-1741-9

s13361-017-1741-9

 

Excellent book by John McPhee – The Curve of Binding Energy:

www.amazon.com/Curve-Binding-Energy-Alarming-Theodore/dp/0374515980

 

Nuclear Matters Handbook (2020 version 18 chapters) – Excellent comprehensive overview of nuclear weapons, physics, effects, policy, treaties

from US Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear Matters

https://www.acq.osd.mil/ncbdp/nm/NMHB20http://www.acq.osd.mil/ncbdp/nm/nm_book_5_11/

Also available as a book on Amazon

“Basic Nuclear Physics and Weapons Effects” – Chap 13 of Nuclear Matters Handbook (above)

https://www.acq.osd.mil/ncbdp/nm/NMHB2020rev/chapters/chapter13.html

 

Neutron Cross Sections

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_cross_section

Good summary talk of neutron absorption, scattering and transmission – Copley 2007

https://www.ncnr.nist.gov/summerschool/ss07/SS07Intro_talk.pdf

Dynamics and Neutron Scattering-Absorption-Transmission – Copley 2007

NEA and OECD website – NEA = Nuclear Energy Agency – OECD = Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (Paris – hence spelling):

https://www.oecd-nea.org/

https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/tro_5705/about-us

Janis (lots of nuclear data):

https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_39910/janis

https://www.oecd-nea.org/janisweb/

https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_39945/data-available-in-the-nea-database

Criticality Calculations in Random Geometries

https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_99842/criticality-calculations-in-random-geometries

Data Available in the NEA database for various Materials – NEA – Nuclear Energy Agency

https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_39945/data-available-in-the-nea-database

Example of JEFF Database 3.3 (JEFF = Joint Evaluated Fission and Fusion Library) – lots of data for cross sections, angular distributions etc:

https://www.oecd-nea.org/janisweb/tree/N/JEFF-3.3

Example of cross sections by element:

https://www.oecd-nea.org/janisweb/tree/N/JEFF-3.3/SIG

Example of Plutonium isotopes cross sections:

https://www.oecd-nea.org/janisweb/tree/N/JEFF-3.3/SIG/Pu

Example of Neutron cross section – choose element and reaction (elastic scattering, fission etc – ie MT2 (elastic) is for elastic scattering)

https://www.oecd-nea.org/janisweb/book/neutrons/

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA):

https://www.iaea.org/resources/databases/atlas-of-neutron-capture-cross-sections

https://www-nds.iaea.org/ngatlas2/

Absorption – Capture cross sections:

https://www.iaea.org/resources/databases/atlas-of-neutron-capture-cross-sections

Stable Isotopes

https://periodictable.com/Properties/A/StableIsotopes.html

https://moltensalt.org/references/static/downloads/pdf/stable-isotopes.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes

Unstable isotopes

Radioisotopes vs half life – excellent summary

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_radioactive_nuclides_by_half-life

Valley of stability – stable vs unstable isotopes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_stability

Extended Periodic Table – Searching for New Elements

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_periodic_table

Searching for Element 119 Ununennium (Uue or eka-francium):

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununennium

Radiological Effects – Biological Uptake – Genetic Mutations

https://www.britannica.com/science/radiation/Damage-to-genes-mutations

https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Kentucky/UK%3A_General_Chemistry/21%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/21.6%3A_Biological_Effects_of_Radiation

https://remm.hhs.gov/nuclearfallout.htm

https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/devastating-effects-of-nuclear-weapons-war/

https://www.icanw.org/catastrophic_harm

https://www.atomicarchive.com/science/effects/radiation-effects-human.html

Neutron Dosimetry and Biological Effects

https://nucleus.iaea.org/sites/orpnet/training/ExternalRadiation/Shared%20Documents/9_neutrons%20-%20Reformat.pdf

Neutron Dosimetry – IAEA

https://remm.hhs.gov/radmeasurement.htm

Radiological Effects at Girls Dance Camp 40 miles from Trinity site – All developed cancer and all but one died before age 30

https://archive.ph/D43o3#selection-4565.42-4565.81

https://archive.ph/D43o3

“Barbara Kent joined Carmadean’s dance camp in the desert near Ruidoso, New Mexico, in the summer of 1945. During the day, she and nine other girls learned tap and ballet.

At night, they slept in a cabin by a river. Early in the morning on July 16, 1945, Kent says that she —then 13—and the other campers were jolted out of their bunk beds by what felt like an enormous explosion nearby.

Their dance instructor rushed the girls outside, worried that a heater on the premises might have burst.”

 

“A few hours later, she says, white flakes began to fall from above. Excited, the girls put on their bathing suits and, amid the flurries, began playing in the river.

“We were grabbing all of this white, which we thought was snow, and we were putting it all over our faces,” Kent says. “But the strange thing, instead of being cold like snow, it was hot.

And we all thought, ‘Well, the reason it’s hot is because it’s summer.’ We were just 13 years old.”

 

 

Neutron spectra and dose equivalents calculated in tissue for high-energy radiation therapy

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2736753/

US Nuclear Regulatory Commission -US NRC) – QF (Quality Factor – rem=QF*rad ) in human tissue for Neutrons vs Energy

https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part020/part020-1004.html

Banana Equivalent Dose – Radiation effects and Stability of Nuclei 

Banana Equivalent Dose – Radiation effects paper – P2-NPP

Hiroshima and Nagasaki Effects:

https://k1project.columbia.edu/news/hiroshima-and-nagasaki

General Effects including biological:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_nuclear_explosions

General Effects and first Thermonuclear Weapon Development

https://www.britannica.com/technology/nuclear-weapon/The-first-hydrogen-bombs

Basic Nuclear Physics and Weapons Effects – Nuclear Matter Handbook

https://www.acq.osd.mil/ncbdp/nm/NMHB2020rev/chapters/chapter13.html

The Nuclear Matters Handbook (2020 edition) – Excellent Overview with PDF download of 18 chapters

“The revised 2020 Nuclear Matters Handbook provides an overview of the U.S. nuclear deterrent and a basic understanding of nuclear matters and related topics. “

https://www.acq.osd.mil/ncbdp/nm/NMHB2020rev/index.html

OSD – US Office of the Secretary of Defense

OSD with multiple links to a large amount of nuclear weapons and policy reference material:

https://www.acq.osd.mil/ncbdp/nm/index.html

2022 US Nuclear Posture Review

armscontrolcenter.org/2022-nuclear-posture-review/

2022 US National Defense Strategy

https://media.defense.gov/2022/Oct/27/2003103845/-1/-1/1/2022-NATIONAL-DEFENSE-STRATEGY-NPR-MDR.pdf

https://armscontrolcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/NPR-Fact-sheet.pdf

2022 US Strategic Defense Reviews

https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3201683/department-of-defense-releases-its-2022-strategic-reviews-national-defense-stra/

Latest US Stategic Reviews

https://www.defense.gov/News/Publications/

Trinity Atomic Website – excellent

http://www.cddc.vt.edu/host/atomic/nuketech/index.html

Trinity Report – Historical and Technical Report on the Trinity Test – Bainbridge

Trinity – Bainbridge – detailed account and physics of July 1945 test – excellent

Weapons Radiochemistry:Trinity and Beyond

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00295450.2021.1951538

Weapons Radiochemistry Trinity and Beyond

Designing a Fission Device – Student Guide and Spreadsheet – Reed 2010

Student-level_numerical_simulation_of_fission_bomb Reed 2010

FissionCore – A desktop-computer simulation of a fission-bomb core Reed, Rohe 2014

https://pubs.aip.org/aapt/ajp/article-abstract/82/10/972/1039414/fissioncore-A-desktop-computer-simulation-of-a

Supplementary Material including programs for designing fission weapon core

http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.4894165

972_1_supplements

Additional related references:

fissioncore: A desktop-computer simulation of a fission-bomb core: American Journal of Physics: Vol 82, No 10 (scitation.org)

Composite cores and tamper yield: Lesser-known aspects of Manhattan Project fission bombs: American Journal of Physics: Vol 88, No 2 (scitation.org)

A powerful graphical display of technical information: Robert Serber’s plot of physical conditions inside a nuclear explosion: American Journal of Physics: Vol 88, No 7 (scitation.org)

https://aapt.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1119/10.0002457

https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-14709-8

https://www.wob.com/en-us/books/bruce-cameron-reed/atomic-bomb-the-story-of-the-manhattan-project/9781627059909

https://oa.mg/work/10.1119/1.1526133

Smyth Report and Military Uses of Atomic Energy 1945

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyth_Report

http://rmp.aps.org/abstract/RMP/v17/i4/p351_1

http://www.amazon.com/Atomic-Military-Purposes-Stanford-Nuclear/dp/0804717222

Nuclear Weapons Databook – NRDC 1984

https://fas.org/nuke/cochran/nuc_84000001a_01.pdf

Physics Hypertextbook – Nuclear Weapons – short but good summary with HG Wells Historical References

http://physics.info/weapons/

LANL recovered documents after public removal in 2002 – Fed of American Scientists (FAS) – EXTREMELY large number of documents

https://sgp.fas.org/othergov/doe/lanl/

See Part 1 for a number of documents related to thermonuclear weapon challenges (Chap 6 is referenced below)

Igniting the Light Elements, Ch 6, Conclusion: The Super, The System, and Its Critical Problems

The Ulam Touch document – some humor – 1947

https://sgp.fas.org/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/00326870.pdf

Teller-Ulam  1951 Description of Heterocatalytic Detonation (H bomb rad driven implosion of fusion secondary)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Teller%E2%80%93Ulam_design

(The above has a brief but excellent overview of TN weapons with emphasis on radiation driven implosion of fusion section via “Teller-Ulam” mechanism)

https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA339133.pdf

https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb507/docs/doc%204%20%2051.03.09%20LAMS-1225.pdf

https://sgp.fas.org/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00460053.pdf

(Above is Chap 6 in Part 1 of LANL recovered docs (above) is a good overview of the “super program and its challenges. Drawings by Gamow)

http://www.nuclearnonproliferation.org/LAMS1225.pdf

The Infamous Teller-Ulam Report (1951)

Global Security site – Weapons Design History and Issues

http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/intro/miniaturization.htm

Defense Nuclear Agency 1947-1997  – DTRA History – Excellent Historical Summary

Defense Nuclear Agency 1947-97 – Excellent Summary of Nuclear Program

IAEA – International Atomic Energy Agency 

https://www.iaea.org/

 

Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_spies

Fission Weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project

ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/history/soviet-atomic-program-1946/

Thermonuclear Weapons

Sloyka (layer cake) and first two stage weapon (RDS-37)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDS-37

 

Nuclear Arms Control

Wisconsin Project:

www.wisconsinproject.org

Middlebury Institute of International Studies – Monterey, CA

https://nonproliferation.org/

Nuclear Weapons Primer – www.wisconsinproject.org/nuclear-weapons/

 

List of Nuclear Weapons and Tests

https://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/tests/index.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W56

US Nuclear Tests thru Sept 1992 – Comprehensive overview – DOE-NV-209 – Dec 2000

US Nuclear Tests thru Sept 1992 – DOE-NV-209-Dec 2000

The Effects of Nuclear Weapons – Glasstone and Dolan – 1977 3rd edition – very comprehensive overview of weapons effects

Searchable PDF:  (see https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/documents/effects/glasstone-dolan/chapter3.html #section4 for technical equations)

https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/documents/effects/glasstone-dolan/index.html

Chapter 1 – General Principles of Nuclear Explosions

https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/documents/effects/glasstone-dolan/chapter1.html

Chapter 2 – Description of Nuclear Explosions

https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/documents/effects/glasstone-dolan/chapter2.html

Chapter 3 – Air  Blast Phenomenon and Air and Surface Bursts

https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/documents/effects/glasstone-dolan/chapter3.html

Chapter 4 – Air Blast Loading

https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/documents/effects/glasstone-dolan/chapter4.html

Chapter 5 – Structural Damage from Air Blast

https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/documents/effects/glasstone-dolan/chapter5.html

Chapter 6 – Shock Effects of Surface and Subsurface Bursts

https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/documents/effects/glasstone-dolan/chapter6.html

Chapter 7 – Thermal Radiation and Its Effects

https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/documents/effects/glasstone-dolan/chapter7.html

Chapter 8 – Initial Nuclear  Radiation (neutrons, gammas, fission products)

https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/documents/effects/glasstone-dolan/chapter8.html

Chapter 9 – Residual Nuclear Radiation and Fallout

https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/documents/effects/glasstone-dolan/chapter9.html

Chapter 10 – Radio and Radar Effects

https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/documents/effects/glasstone-dolan/chapter10.html

Chapter 11 – EMP and its Effects

https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/documents/effects/glasstone-dolan/chapter11.html

Chapter 12 – Biological Effects

https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/documents/effects/glasstone-dolan/chapter12.html

Glossary

https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/documents/effects/glasstone-dolan/glossary.html

Guide to SI Units

https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/documents/effects/glasstone-dolan/si.html

Index

https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/documents/effects/glasstone-dolan/bookindex.html

 

Https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6852629

http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/www/effects/

Effects of Nuclear Weapons – 1977 -3rd edition – complete

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_nuclear_explosions

Paperback edition 2020 (Glasstone):

https://www.amazon.com/Effects-Nuclear-Weapons-Department-Defense/dp/B08RGYSX5B

The Effects of Nuclear Weapons – short summary

https://www.atomicarchive.com/science/effects/

http://books.google.com/books/about/Effects_of_Nuclear_Weapons.html?id=kZo5PQAACAAJ

http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/www/effects/  (1977 edition)

http://www.fourmilab.ch/bombcalc/brico.html   (1977 circular slide rule)

 

Neutron and Gamma Spectra from Nuclear Weapons

Neutron Spectra and Gamma from various Weapon Types – Lubin – Phys 150 W25

Publicly Released Prompt Neutron spectra for NED Simulation – DTRA 2017

Publicly Released Prompt Neutron spectra for NED Simulation – Data File – Excel – DTRA 2017

John Northrop Handbook of Nuclear Weapon Effects EM1 1996 BRIEF EXTRACT ONLY_text

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Radioactivity from and Radiological Effects of Nuclear Weapons – Global Above Ground Tests and Effects

Total Residual Radiation Source Term from Hiroshima Detonation – Spriggs – 2017

World Wide Nuclear testing – World-Nuclear,org

List of Above Ground Nuclear Detonations – Nuclear Test Sheet-a

UN United Nations Report – Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation

Vol I  Includes global radiation effects from above ground nuclear testing 2008:

https://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2008_1.html

Vol II Includes Fukushima nuclear power plant accident 2021:

https://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2020_2021_2.html

Review Of Nuclear Explosion Phenomenon for Protective Construction – Brode – 1964

Review of Nuclear Explosion Phenomenon for Protective Construction – Brode – 1964

Atomic Audit – The Cost and Consequences of US Nuclear Weapons since 1940

amazon.com/Atomic-Audit-Consequences-Nuclear-Weapons/dp/0815777736

Preserving Nuclear Test Data – LLNL Digitizing Atmospheric Test Films – Greg Spriggs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ftCcMjXPpII

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pWpqGKUG5yY

https://www.wired.com/video/watch/rare-films-of-nuclear-bomb-tests-reveal-their-true-power

History of the Manhattan Project and Beyond Trinity

http://www.ushistory.org/us/51f.asp

https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan-project-history

https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan-project-history/Events/1945-present/venona.html

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Med/Med.html

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Trinity.html

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Crossrd.html

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Sandston.html

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Ranger.html

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Grnhouse.html

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Busterj.html

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Tumblers.html

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Ivy.html

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Upshotk.html

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Castle.html

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Teapot.html

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Wigwam.html

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Redwing.html

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Plumbob.html

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Proj57-58.html

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Hardtack1.html

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Argus.html

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Hardtack2.html

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Nougat.html

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Dominic.html

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Storax.html

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Nts.html

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/index.html

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/index.html

70 Years Since Trinity – The Atlantic – July 16, 2015

https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2015/07/70-years-since-trinity-when-we-tested-nuclear-bombs/398735/

Talks and Interviews with Oppenheimer

UCLA 1964 – an eloquent discussion of science, politics and society – recollections of Bohr

Tsar Bomba – Largest Nuclear Weapon Ever Tested – USSR – 50 MT (rated for 100 MT) – Oct 30, 1961

https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/tsar-bomba

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar_Bomba

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nbC7BxXtOlo

1961 Soviet Film

https://www.youtubeeducation.com/watch?v=wSbxoRDhtqU

Spies and Espionage

https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/05/uk/uk-atomic-spy-australia-intl-gbr/index.html

Introductory Nuclear Physics

Megawatts and Megatons

http://books.google.com/books/about/Megawatts_and_Megatons.html?id=etbaAAAAMAAJ

American Promethius: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer

http://books.google.com/books/about/American_Prometheus.html?id=hDt7PwAACAAJ

Broken Arrows – Nuclear Weapons and Related Accidents

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_nuclear_accidents

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Damascus_Titan_missile_explosion

Criticality Tests and Accidents – 1946 – The Demon Core

On Thermonuclear War

http://books.google.com/books?id=EN2gtPTjFd8C&source=gbs_similarbooks

Proliferation Review – Countries with Nuclear Weapons – Institute for Science and Int Security

https://isis-online.org/

Iran nuclear program – Project Amad – seizure of documents – Jan 2018

https://isis-online.org/isis-reports/detail/neutron-source-irans-uranium-deuteride-neutron-initiator-1/

N Korea Li-6 production for thermonuclear weapons:

https://isis-online.org/isis-reports/detail/north-koreas-lithium-6-production-for-nuclear-weapons/10

US Nuclear Weapons – The Secret History and The Swords of Armageddon – Chuck Hansen (excellent)

https://www.amazon.com/Us-Nuclear-Weapons-Secret-History/dp/0517567407

http://www.uscoldwar.com/index.htm

The Nuclear Matters Handbook (excellent)

http://www.acq.osd.mil/ncbdp/nm/nm_book_5_11/index.htm

http://www.acq.osd.mil/ncbdp/nm/nm_book_5_11/appendix_F.htm

Detailed Weapon Designs issues

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Nwfaq/Nfaq4.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon

W53 – 9MT for possible planetary defense use: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B53_nuclear_bomb

Highest Efficiency Nuclear Weapons

      W41 – 25 MT –  5.2 MT/t – 3 stage:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B41_nuclear_bomb

      W56 – 1.2 MT – 5.0 MT/t  (demonstrated):

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W56

      Taylor Limit – 6 MT/t

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_yield

Physics of Thermonuclear Weapons – Carey Sublette

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Nwfaq/Nfaq4-4.html#Nfaq4.4.3.3

ICBM’s

https://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-30.html

http://www.astronautix.com/m/minuteman3.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGM-30_Minuteman

US Warheads and Weapon Applications

http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/wrjp159u.html

http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/wrjp159s.html

Properties of Plutonium

Plutonium in use – LANL – 00818005

Chemical Complexities of Plutonium – LANL – 00818038

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239

Nuclear Warfare – Notre Dame 2004 Course

https://www3.nd.edu/~nsl/Lectures/phys205/

Arsenals of Folly

http://books.google.com/books/about/Arsenals_of_Folly.html?id=Hf6pPwAACAAJ

The Effects of Nuclear Weapons

John Northrop Handbook of Nuclear Weapon Effects EM1 1996 BRIEF EXTRACT ONLY_text

Handbook of Nuclear Weapon Effects: Calculation Tools Abstracted from DSWA’s Effects Manual One

Why They Kill 

http://books.google.com/books/about/Why_They_Kill.html?id=l1IMX9QIED0C

The Plutonium Files

http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Plutonium_Files.html?id=eg5svv9-ijkC

Undue Risk

Secret State Experiments on Humans

https://www.amazon.com/Undue-Risk-Secret-Experiments-Humans-ebook/dp/B00CUFD690

US Nuclear Weapons Policy

http://www.amazon.com/U-S-Nuclear-Weapons-Policy-Independent/dp/0876094205/

http://www.amazon.com/Nuclear-Weapons-Very-Short-Introduction/dp/0199229546/

http://www.amazon.com/Nuclear-Weapons-Foreign-Kissinger-Foreword/dp/B004TZGN8U/

http://www.amazon.com/Stockpile-Behind-Strategic-Nuclear-Weapons/dp/1591145317/

http://www.amazon.com/U-S-Nuclear-Weapons-Policy-Confronting/dp/0815713657/

http://www.amazon.com/U-S-Nuclear-Arsenal-History-Delivery/dp/1557506817/

The Progressive Case – The United States of America vs The Progressive – Howard Morland

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._The_Progressive

http://progressive.org/images/pdf/1179.pdf

Country by Country Breakdown of Nuclear Capability and Delivery Systems

http://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2013/03/world/nuclear-weapon-states/?iid=article_sidebar

List of Nuclear Weapons Tests

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests

EMP – Electromagnetic Pulse

http://www.wnd.com/2013/02/earth-will-have-15-minutes-to-protect-electronics/

http://superstore.wnd.com/books/A-Nation-Forsaken-AutographedHardcover

Effects of High Altitude Nuclear Weapons – including interaction with Satellites

https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA3028-3.html

The Effects of High-Altitude Nuclear Explosions on Non-Military Satellites -RAND_RRA3028-2025

Key Findings

Radiological Effects

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt_bomb

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fallout

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_bomb

External Exposure to Radionuclides in Air, Water and Soil – Eckerman and Ryman – used in LWAC code – 1993

Total Residual Radiation Source Term from Hiroshima Detonation – LWAC – Spriggs – 2017

Restricted Data Declassification Issues

Restricted Data Declassification Decisions – RDD-8 – 1946-present 2002

Missile Defense Systems and complexity of defense

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative

Hypersonic Maneuverable Missiles and MIRV and complexity of interception

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreshnik_(missile)

https://www.reuters.com/graphics/UKRAINE-CRISIS/RUSSIA-MISSILE/gdpzknajgvw/

 

Nuclear Terrorism

Homeland Security Affairs – 2009 – Robert Harney

Inaccurate Prediction of Nuclear Weapons Effects and Possible Adverse Influences on Nuclear Terrorism Preparedness

https://www.hsaj.org/articles/97

Russian Nuclear Targets in the US and Elsewhere

Movies:

The Manhattan Project – History Channel

http://www.amazon.com/Modern-Marvels-Manhattan-Project-History/dp/B000AABL5I

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nb-GC65i_i0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A4TL3tGhLOQ&feature=fvwp&NR=1

Oppenheimer – Now I have become Death

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=26YLehuMydo

Trinity and Beyond – The Atomic Bomb Movie

http://www.amazon.com/Trinity-Beyond-Atomic-Bomb-Movie/dp/B000GFRI72/ref=pd_cp_mov_0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySoEYa7zrxc&playnext=1&list=PLE55DC3FE455D09B4&feature=results_main

http://www.youtube.com/verify_age?next_url=%2Fmovie%3Fv%3D4uusEDvUhvY

The Day After Trinity

http://www.amazon.com/The-After-Trinity-Hans-Bethe/dp/B0000648XV/ref=pd_cp_mov_1

White Light Black Rain – The Destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

http://www.amazon.com/White-Light-Black-Rain-Destruction/dp/B000RL6G8M/ref=pd_cp_mov_3

America Atomic Bomb Tests

http://www.amazon.com/Americas-Atomic-Bomb-Tests-Collection/dp/B0009HLCLK/ref=pd_cp_mov_2

Day One

http://www.amazon.com/Americas-Atomic-Bomb-Tests-Collection/dp/B0009HLCLK/ref=pd_cp_mov_2

Critique of Nuclear Explosions depicted in Popular Movies – Greg Spriggs LLNL

 

Yield Estimates and Taylor Smitov singularity solution

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_yield

http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/311/notes/dimension/node7.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_wave

Ted Taylor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Taylor_(physicist)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bomb_(novel)

Nuclear Weapons Effects Calculators

http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/nukes/nuclear_weapon_effects/nuclearwpneffctcalc.html

https://narac.llnl.gov/tools/web-tools

https://narac.llnl.gov/hotspot

https://narac.llnl.gov/products/technical-products/nuclear-detonation

https://narac.llnl.gov/products/technical-products/radiological-dispersal-device

https://narac.llnl.gov/products/technical-products/nuclear-power-plant-accident

https://narac.llnl.gov/products/technical-products/blast-damage

https://narac.llnl.gov/products/briefing-products

https://narac.llnl.gov/products/briefing-products/radiological-dispersal-device-bp

NUKEMAP interactive calculator (excellent – with Google Maps)

http://nuclearsecrecy.com/blog/2012/02/03/presenting-nukemap/

http://nuclearsecrecy.com/nukemap/

Nuclear testing Calendar

http://www.lulu.com/us/en/shop/alex-wellerstein/nuclear-testing-2013-calendar/calendar/product-20397446.html

Nuclear Weapons Archive (excellent)

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Nwfaq/Nfaq5.html

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Nwfaq/Nfaq5.html#nfaq5.1

Nuclear Weapons Effects Calculator

http://www.stardestroyer.net/Empire/Science/Nuke.html

Nuclear Bomb Effects Calculator – The Effects of Nuclear Weapons

http://www.fourmilab.ch/bombcalc/

HYDESim – Effect simulator

http://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/gmap/hydesim.html

Online Calculators – PhP for many systems

http://www.projectrho.com/rocket/calculators.php

http://panoptesv.com/SciFi/LaserDeathRay/DamageFromLaser.php (laser damage calculator)

http://janus.astro.umd.edu/astro/impact/

http://www.5596.org/cgi-bin/nuke.php

http://www.5596.org/cgi-bin/thrusters.php

http://www.stardestroyer.net/Empire/Science/Nuke.html

Effects of Nuclear Explosions (overview of issues)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_nuclear_explosions

Global Security – WMD calculator

http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/intro/nuke-effects-calc.htm

TEDx Talk on the Affects of Nuclear War – Brian Toon – 2018

Note that the following “Nuclear Winter” effect depends on the area involved in a nuclear war as it is related to combustion products.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Toon

https://futureoflife.org/2019/11/14/not-cool-ep-23-brian-toon-on-nuclear-winter-the-other-climate-change/

 

Nuclear Effects – Android Phone

Nuclear Above Ground Testing Films

Time Lapse of All Above Ground Nuclear Detonations

Misc Nuclear Explosion Films

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2nsmt-yec_4 (Trinity)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KqagmRy9ukQ

Tsar Bomba Shot ?

Tsar Bomba Shot

Tsar Bomba Shot

Castle Bravo Shot

Castle Bravo Shot

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kT59uo3kz98

Grable Shot

Civil Defense Films

1/2

2/2

1/2

2/2

 

Nevada test site

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_Test_Site

Trinity Test SIte – National Parks Service with visiting information

https://www.nps.gov/whsa/learn/historyculture/trinity-site.htm

https://home.army.mil/wsmr/contact/public-affairs-office/trinity-site-open-house

Nuclear Weapons Museums

https://www.nuclearmuseum.org/

https://www.lanl.gov/engage/bradbury

www.atomicmuseum.vegas

Manhattan Project National Parks Muceums (Los Alamos (NM), Hanford (WA), Oak Ridge (TN):

https://www.energy.gov/lm/manhattan-project-national-historical-park

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project_National_Historical_Park

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project

https://www.nps.gov/mapr/index.htm

https://www.nps.gov/mapr/planyourvisit/losalamos-visitorcenter.htm

https://www.nps.gov/mapr/hanford.htm

https://www.nps.gov/mapr/oak-ridge.htm

Storax Sedan Nuclear Test (July 6,1962 Plowhares program – 104 KT @ 200m deep in Neveda)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedan_(nuclear_test)

https://eros.usgs.gov/earthshots/sedan-crater

https://nnss.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/NNSS-SEDN-U-0047-Rev01-1.pdf

https://st.llnl.gov/news/look-back/sedan-event-project-plowshare

Nevada Test Site Tour Information:

nnss.gov/community/monthly-community-public-tours/

Broken Arrows – Weapon Accidents – Non nuclear detonation

 

https://www.atomicarchive.com/almanac/broken-arrows/index.html

 

https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=nuclear+broken+arrows

 

Some Movies to Watch when you are not doing calculations and homework:

 

Dr Strangelove

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Strangelove

https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0057012/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-X_D2JUAAY

 

Don’t Look Up

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Look_Up

 

Armageddon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armageddon_(1998_film)

find what is wrong with their Physics calculations

 

Deep Impact

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Impact_(film)

 

Kurzgesagt – Youtube – All the Bombs (at once)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JyECrGp-Sw8